Financial Measures

There are several fixed and operational costs associated with a supply chain. Ultimately, the aim is to maximize the revenue by keeping the supply chain costs low. Costs arise due to inventories, transportation, facilities, operations, technology, materials, and labor. The financial performance of a supply chain can be evaluated by looking into the following items [#!bagchi98!#]:

• cost of raw material
• revenue from goods sold
• activity-based costs such as material handling, manufacturing, assembling, etc.
• inventory holding costs
• transportation costs
• cost of expired perishable goods
• penalties for incorrectly filled or late orders delivered to customers
• credits for incorrectly filled or late deliveries from suppliers
• cost of goods returned by customers
• credits for goods returned to suppliers

Typically, the financial performance indices can be put together using the following major modules: activity based costing, inventory costing, transportation costing, and inter-company financial transactions.

Every company has a critical number- a financial figure that has the biggest impact on their success. For every company it is different. It is dependent on a number of factors. It could be industry related, economy related, financially related, or business cycle related. Whether it is gross revenue, profit before taxes (PBT), debt to equity ratio, or cost of goods to sold (COGS) this number could make or break your company.

Identifying your critical numbers is essential. It clarifies where you should focus your efforts, what business processes need to be improved and identifies the weakness of your organization. Do you know your critical number?

Although many CEOs may think they know the answer, our research begins to uncover the truth behind the impact of key financial measures on bottom line results. Certain financial information has a greater impact than most executives think. Success Profiles' Integrated Performance Measurement and Ratio Analysis identify and track critical numbers that have the greatest impact on financial performance.

Auto Insurance — We Make it Easy!

Car insurance doesn't have to be hard. Shop around for the best insurance rates and save money. When you shop with Progressive Direct®, you can get an online auto quote and compare rates for other leading insurance companies. Or, if you prefer face-to-face contact, you can get a Drive® Insurance from Progressive quote directly from an agent/broker.

Auto Insurance Shopping Tips Savvy shopping can help you save money on auto insurance. Shop around. Know your coverages. Choose the insurance company that meets your current needs.

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Locating Cheap Auto Insurance Premiums

Paying too much for your auto insurance? By taking a few minutes to get some free price quotes you may be amazed at the savings you will receive. Prices from company to company can vary greatly which means it pays to shop around for the cheap auto insurance you are wanting.

Whether you receive car insurance quotes from phoning companies directly or browsing their web sites it makes no difference. However, it is often much quicker to find many free auto cheap insurance quotes online.

Before actually committing to a particular automobile insurance company it is wise to lay out your needs first. Motor car insurance is there to protect you and your family from possible financial ruin. It is to cover your costs in case of a catastrophic occurrence. It is not only there to pay for the repair or replacement of your car, but for any medical or hospital bills that may become necessary.

There are many things to consider before taking out an auto cheap insurance policy. One thing to think about is the amount of your deductible. A higher deductible can save you a little on your premiums, but it may end up costing you more if you are actually involved in an accident that is your fault. No fault car insurance can increase your premiums, but it sure is great to have if an uninsured runs into your automobile. Most auto insurance companies offer discounts for features that will reduce the risk of injuries or theft. Daytime running lights or anti-theft devices can often lower your premiums due to the fact that they will decrease the likelihood of you filing a claim.

Many people decide to drop the collision or comprehensive coverage if they own a car that is not worth very much money. Why pay higher premiums for a car that is not worth very much? So choosing to insure for liability only is certainly a way to lower the coverage costs. Insuring for just liability has the potential to save you a lot of money, but if you are involved in an accident with someone that is uninsured you will probably end up paying your repair bills out of your own pocket.

Once you have decided if you want full coverage or just liability and have also considered your other insurance factors it’s time to get some free auto insurance quotes. You want a company that is financially stable which can be checked by using a rating company. One of the better known rating companies is Standard and Poor’s. There are also many magazines available that can help you find some financially strong insurers.

The internet is the easiest method of getting fast and free quotes, but there are other places to search as well. Many companies sell their own insurance through their own agents while other agents can get quotes from several different insurance companies, allowing you the opportunity to go with the lower priced ones. It is often wise to ask acquaintances about their insurance. Price alone should not be the sole deciding factor when insuring your auto. Dependability, honesty, 24-hour claims service and other factors should also be weighed.

A wise thing to do is to contact your state insurance department. They can provide information about the companies you are investigating. If there are consumer complaints about a particular insurer chances are they can tell you.

Another item that should be thought about is the possibility of saving money by insuring both your auto and your home through the same company. Most insurance companies will give you lower rates if you insure more things with them.

If you want to keep your costs the cheapest possible there are many other factors in determining what your coverage will end up costing you. Some of these include the quality of your credit rating, how many miles you drive each year (lower mileage can mean cheaper premiums) and whether or not you work for a company that will allow you to get their group discount. Some professionals such as doctors or chiropractors get discounts. Belonging to certain types of businesses or associations can also possibly qualify you for auto cheap insurance coverage. One of the biggest factors is your driving history. Have you been in other accidents lately?

These are all factors that should be investigated before committing to a particular company. Write down all of your questions and concerns and then you can begin with the free quotes. Call several insurance agents that are in your area and get some free quotes online. You can save on your premiums by doing just a little homework.

Helpful Health Insurance Tips

Top 10 Ways to Cut Your Medical Bills

With health-care costs on the rise, you may be looking for ways to lower your medical expenses. Here are 10 ideas:

1. Practice prevention
2. Shop around for health insurance
3. Cut the cost of prescription drugs
4. Check your medical bills
5. Join your spouse's health plan
6. Keep track of your medical expenses
7. Negotiate a discount with your health-care provider
8. Contribute to a flexible spending account
9. Take advantage of free health screenings
10. Get to know your health insurance

Practice prevention
As basic as it sounds, one of the most effective ways to lower your medical expenses over time is to maintain a healthy lifestyle. For example, you can:

• Take advantage of wellness programs
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Exercise regularly
• Kick unhealthy habits (e.g. smoking)
• Have regular checkups

Shop around for health insurance
If you don't have employer-sponsored health insurance, you may be looking to obtain coverage on your own. To get good coverage at an affordable price, shop around. Because premiums vary widely, you'll probably save money if you get quotes from several companies. Evaluate each plan's coverage and features, taking into account exclusions, limitations, and the freedom to choose health-care providers, among other things. Also find out how much you'll end up paying out of pocket in the form of co-payments, coinsurance, and deductibles, because even relatively small amounts of money can really add up if you make frequent visits to your doctor.

Cut the cost of prescription drugs
Prescription costs can eat up a large portion of your budget if you take prescription drugs regularly. Fortunately, it's not hard to find ways to save money. For example, try ordering your prescriptions through the mail, using a traditional or online pharmacy. If you belong to a prescription drug plan (e.g. through your health insurance), you may be able to get a three-month supply of your prescription drug through the mail for the same price you would pay for a one-month supply at your neighborhood pharmacy. You can also ask your pharmacist or doctor to recommend a less-expensive generic drug whenever possible.

Check your medical bills
Medical bills are often confusing to read. However, taking a few minutes to go over the charges may save you money in the long run. Check to make sure that the bill accurately reflects the procedures you have undergone and takes into account any applicable insurance coverage you may have. Some errors, such as wrong computer codes, are common, and you may be billed for health care you never received. Contact the appropriate billing office if you think you've found a mistake. If you've received an explanation of benefits from your insurance company that you believe is wrong, ask the company to review your claim.

Join your spouse's health plan
Many married couples maintain separate health insurance coverage even though it may not be cost effective to do so. Examine both your coverage and your spouse's coverage to see if it makes sense for either of you to join the other's plan. Keep in mind that most plans allow you to add a spouse to your plan within a certain time period after you get married (e.g. 30 days). Otherwise, you may have to wait for the plans' annual open enrollment period.

Keep track of your medical expenses
Come tax time, you may be able to deduct certain medical expenses if you itemize, and your total medical expenses exceed 7.5 percent of your adjusted gross income. Allowable medical expenses include everything from health-care services to medical aids (e.g. eyeglasses, hearing aids). Keep track of these expenses if there's a chance you'll be able to deduct them on your income tax return.

Negotiate a discount with your health-care provider
Many people don't realize that you can sometimes negotiate to lower your medical bills. While it may not always work, it doesn't hurt to ask your doctor, hospital, or pharmacy if they're willing to come down in price. Before you begin to negotiate, do a little research to find out what other health-care providers in your area are charging. You can also ask your health-care provider if they'll lower their price if you pay in cash up front.

Contribute to a flexible spending account
Your employer may offer a flexible spending plan that allows you to put pretax dollars in an account. You are then reimbursed for your out-of-pocket medical expenses, such as prescription drugs, dental care, and co-payments. Because flexible spending contributions are taken out of your pay before federal and state taxes are calculated, you get to use pretax dollars to pay your medical bills.

Take advantage of free health screenings
If your health insurance doesn't provide adequate coverage in some areas, or if you don't have any health insurance coverage at all, you may want to look into free health screenings. Local clinics and hospitals often provide a variety of screenings, such as blood pressure, cholesterol, and mammograms.

Get to know your health insurance
Your health insurance may cover more than you think. Nowadays, insurance companies often provide benefits designed to help you stay safe and healthy. For example, you may receive discounts on vitamins, alternative medicines, health club memberships, or bike helmets. You may also be surprised at the range of coverage your health plan offers. For instance, it may cover dental care for young children, chiropractic care, and acupuncture. Read your plan membership materials to find out what products and services are available through your health plan before you pay for them on your own.

All You Need to Know About Health Insurance

Let's face it--in today's world, health insurance is a necessity. With medical expenses soaring higher than a hang glider, paying for them could have you digging deep into the pockets of your jeans.

What types of health insurance are available?
Health insurance plans generally fall into one of two categories: indemnity plans (also known as reimbursement plans) and managed care plans such as health maintenance organizations (HMOs), preferred provider organizations (PPOs), and point of service (POS) plans.

• An indemnity plan allows you to choose your own doctors and pays for your medical expenses--totally, in part, or up to a specified amount per day for a specified number of days.
• Managed care plans generally provide broader coverage, but they all involve an arrangement between the insurer and a selected network of health-care providers (doctors, hospitals, etc.). For example, an HMO will require that a primary care physician in the network coordinate all of your care and refer you to specialists in the network.

No matter which type of health insurance you buy, you'll need to make sure it offers the right kinds of coverage.

What should be covered?
A good health insurance policy contains several types of coverage.

Hospital expense insurance pays your room, board, and incidental services costs if you're hospitalized.

Surgical expense insurance covers surgeons' fees and related costs associated with surgery.

Physicians' expense insurance pays for visits to a doctor's office or for a doctor's hospital visits.

Major medical insurance offers extremely broad coverage with a very high maximum benefit that's designed to protect you against losses from catastrophic illness or injury.

What might be covered?
When comparing health insurance plans, check to see if they provide additional benefits that you may need, including:

• Prescription drugs
• Preventive care
• Mental health benefits
• Maternity care
• Vision care

What will it cost?
In addition to the monthly premium expense, you may have other out-of-pocket costs. These costs can really add up, especially if you have children or other family members who visit the doctor frequently. Check to see if the health insurance plan you're considering requires you to pay any or all of the following:

• Co-payment: The amount you'll have to pay each time you visit a health insurance provider (generally required by HMOs).
• Deductible: The amount you'll have to pay toward your medical expenses (usually annually) before the insurance company begins to pay claims (generally required by indemnity plans).
• Coinsurance: The percentage of your medical costs you'll have to pay after you reach any deductibles that apply.

Where can I get health insurance?
You may get health insurance through a group plan at work or through another group affiliation (a school, a club, etc.) or by purchasing an individual plan on your own. By purchasing an individual plan on your own, you may even be able to customize the health plan. Shop online to compare rates from several companies to find the best plan and rate to meet your needs.

How do I decide which plan is best?
The best health insurance plan for you is the one that gives you the greatest flexibility and the most benefits for the lowest cost. Unfortunately, there's no such thing as a standard health insurance plan. As you would when making any major purchase, you'll need to shop around and get several quotes before choosing a plan. Here are a few points to consider:

• What co-pays, deductibles, and coinsurance requirements apply?
• How much freedom do you have to choose your own health-care providers?
• Does the plan cover the health services that you need?
• Does the plan cover the health-care providers you're currently using?
• Does the plan offer family, as well as individual, coverage?
• Does the plan cover pre-existing conditions? If so, is there a waiting period? (The average waiting period is three months to one year.)
• Does the insurance company have a good reputation in the industry and a positive rating from a major ratings organization? (Contact your state's department of insuran

Helpful Auto Insurance Tips

The Consequences of Not Having Auto Insurance

When young adults graduate college they have aspirations of starting their first "real world" job, getting their own place and buying a brand new car - one that does not need a screwdriver to start. However, college students are also graduating with much more than just a college degree and a dream, they are graduating with a substantial amount of debt. In fact, many students graduate with an average of $3,262 in credit card debt - 10 percent of that group owing more than $7,000 in credit card charges.

Students forget to factor in other life costs, such as health care, 401K deductions, income taxes, car payments, auto insurance, rent, utility bills, student loans, credit card bills and food expenses into their monthly budget. "After you graduate and land your first job, you do not think about having to pay for all of these expenses," stated a graduate from Ohio University. "Unfortunately, reality sets in pretty fast and you realize you do not have the money to make ends meet - it is a hard lesson to learn!"

College Debt
Why is there so much credit card debt among college students? "Many credit card companies set up kiosks on college campuses offering free pizzas and t-shirts to try and entice students to sign up for a credit card," noted David Roush, CEO of Insurance.com. "The problem is many college students do not have the income or financial knowledge to manage a credit card - a problem that is leading students into a lifetime of financial despair."

In addition to the outrageous credit card bills, students are also graduating with student loans ranging from $10,000 to $52,000 or more. Often students figure they will be able to pay everything off once they get a job and start making "real" money, but that simply is not the case.

Not only are credit card and student loan bills financially crippling to many new graduates, it is also forcing grads to cut back on other necessary expenses, such as auto insurance - one bill you legally cannot drive without! "Driving without auto insurance is illegal in all 50 states, however, many young adults elect to go without auto insurance because they think they cannot afford to have it," stated Roush. "A scary thought when 15.3% of all automobile accidents are caused by drivers between the ages of 20 - 24."

While deciding not to pay for auto insurance may seem like a good idea at the time, graduates are not considering the expense of getting caught without auto insurance or the cost of getting into an automobile accident. "Imagine if you had to pay the medical bills of someone who gets injured in car accident when you are at fault - suddenly paying for car insurance does not seem so bad," says Roush.

The Penalty of Driving Without Auto Insurance
According to the Insurance Information Institute, the cost of driving without auto insurance can vary from state to state, depending on the percentage of drivers who are uninsured in that state. For instance, in Massachusetts residents can be charged anywhere from $500 to $5,000 in fines and receive a one-year jail sentence. In Florida, Louisiana, Connecticut and New Jersey, drivers operating a vehicle without the state required minimum will have their vehicles impounded - which can cost you thousands depending on how long it takes you to get your car out.

To find out the auto insurance state minimum and fines and penalties for driving without insurance in your state, visit the Department of Motor Vehicles' website.

How to Budget For Auto Insurance
As you look for auto insurance, make sure to check if the insurer offers a 6-month or 12-month payment plan to help you manage your auto insurance payments better. In addition, many auto insurance providers offer a variety of discounts, including alumni discounts. So make sure to ask if your college or university is eligible for a discount, because every bit helps when you are first starting out on your own.

To help make researching auto insurance rates easier, Insurance.com offers an auto insurance comparison application. Here, you will be able to evaluate multiple rates from best-in-class insurance providers - helping you find the best auto insurance coverage for your newly graduated budget.

How to Buy Life Insurance

Buying life insurance is an easy way to protect your family after you're gone. If you know what to look for, you can get great coverage at a price you can afford.

Why buy life insurance?
Topping the list of reasons to buy life insurance is the financial protection life insurance offers. If you're single and just starting out, you may not need life insurance. But as you take on more responsibilities and your family grows, your need for life insurance increases. The proceeds from a life insurance policy can replace the income lost to your family upon your death. You might also want to buy life insurance to pay off debts and expenses, leave money to charity, and cover final and estate expenses.

Choose term or cash value
There are two basic types of life insurance: term life insurance, which provides life insurance coverage for a specified period of time (the term), and cash value (permanent) life insurance, which combines a death benefit with a cash value component. Cash value insurance offers lifetime protection, while term insurance may be the most affordable option if you're buying life insurance mainly for the financial protection it offers, and your need for life insurance is temporary (until your children leave the nest, for instance). Some term policies (called "convertible") will permit you to exchange the term life insurance policy for a permanent one at some point.

Decide how much coverage you'll need
The amount of life insurance protection you should buy depends on how much income your survivors will need, how much you own and owe, and the amount of other life insurance available to you. If you're married, both you and your spouse should consider buying life insurance. One of the easiest ways to estimate how much life insurance protection you should buy is to use a life insurance needs calculator.

Pick a number between 1 and 30
Term life insurance is usually offered for periods ranging from 1 to 30 years. Consider choosing a term that matches your need for life insurance protection. For instance, if your main reason for buying life insurance is to protect your 7-year-old twins until they're out of college, you'll want to buy a policy with a term of at least 15 years.

How much will it cost?
How much you pay for life insurance will depend on a number of risk factors, including your age, your health, whether you use tobacco, your family health history, and the type and amount of life insurance you're buying. Keep in mind that the premium you're quoted initially will increase later. For instance, when you buy term life insurance, rates are guaranteed only until the end of the term (annually for annual renewable term or at the end of a specified number of years for level term). While most life insurance policies can be renewed at the end of the term, you'll pay a higher premium for coverage.

Shop around
When comparing quotes for life insurance, make sure that the insurance coverage you're comparing is similar. And remember, any policy that you buy is only as good as the company that issues it. Find out what rating the company has received from major ratings services, such as A. M. Best or Standard & Poor's. These companies evaluate an insurer's financial condition and claims-paying ability. The company giving you a quote should provide you with this information. You can also contact your state's department of insurance to find out more about an insurer's record.

Submit an application
Once you're ready to purchase a life insurance policy, you'll fill out a life insurance application that contains questions about your current and past health history and lifestyle. You'll generally be required to take a medical exam, arranged and paid for by the insurance company. The answers you give on your application, along with the results from the medical exam and your past health history, will help the insurance company determine whether to offer you a policy, and if so, at what price.

Learn the lingo
Maybe a life insurance contract isn't as exciting as a best-selling novel, but read it anyway. Policy provisions, the amount of benefits, the premium, and other charges you'll pay will be listed along with other important information such as the beneficiaries you've named and the premium guarantee period. Make sure you understand everything in the policy. Under the laws of your state, you may have a "free look" period (typically at least 10 days) during which time you can cancel the policy without penalty.